Penentuan Titik Kumpul Stadion Kanjuruhan

Abstract

Stadiums, as mass gathering venues, carry a high potential for hazards related to crowd disturbances and other emergencies. The tragic incident at Kanjuruhan Stadium on October 1, 2022, which resulted in 135 fatalities due to crowd crushing, along with the riot at Si Jalak Harupat Stadium on September 23, 2024, drastically underscore the urgency of effective risk mitigation and evacuation planning. The presence of clear and well-directed evacuation routes is crucial for ensuring the safety of stadium occupants, in line with regulations such as Indonesian Law Number 28 of 2002 and Government Regulation Number 36 of 2005, which emphasize the technical reliability of building structures for safety. Kanjuruhan Stadium, with a capacity of 21,603 spectators, faced significant challenges as it initially had only one temporary assembly point, clearly insufficient for mass evacuation during a disaster. This limitation highlighted an urgent need for reevaluation and the addition of assembly point locations. This research focuses on determining new assembly point locations and planning evacuation routes. The methodology employed refers to Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation (Permen PUPR) No. 14 of 2017 and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 101 year 2000 standards. The established criteria include a minimum safe distance of 6.1 meters from the building, sufficient open space (0.3 m$^2$/person), and accessibility for emergency vehicles and medical teams. The research successfully identified and designated four strategic assembly points at Kanjuruhan Stadium: West, North, East, and South. All four locations have been verified to meet all established regulatory criteria and, crucially, possess adequate capacity to accommodate all stadium occupants. For instance, the West Assembly Point, with an area of 3,481,724 m$^2$, can accommodate up to 11,605,747 people, far exceeding the stadium's current capacity. The establishment of these new assembly points significantly enhances the stadium's evacuation readiness, minimizing the risk of casualties, as well as material and immaterial losses from potential future disasters.